Pengelolaan Jalan Nafas Sulit
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.59680/anestesi.v3i1.1554Keywords:
Intubation, Difficult Airway, ExtubationAbstract
Intubation failure occurs in 1 case out of 200-2000 cases under selective general anesthesia. A difficult airway is a clinical situation in which the anesthesiologist has difficulty in ventilation using a mask, tracheal intubation or both. A difficult airway is an interaction between patient factors, clinical conditions, and the practitioner's skills and preferences. In carrying out intubation, there is a need for an initial assessment of the airway, where there are several factors that influence the level of difficulty. Apart from that, there are also techniques to ensure that the patient is patient. His breathing was going well during intubation or ventilation. However, when carrying out techniques for intubation or ventilation, you need to pay attention to contraindications and future complications. After the surgical process, extubation strategies for difficult airways are carried out, this depends on the patient's condition and the anesthesiologist's abilities.
References
American Society of Anesthesiologists. (2003). Practice guidelines for management of the difficult airway: An updated report. Anesthesiology, 98(5), 1269–1277.
Apfelbaum, J. L., Hagberg, C. A., Caplan, R. A., Blitt, C. D., Connis, R. T., Nickinovich, D. G., et al. (2013). Practice guidelines for management of the difficult airway: An updated report by the American Society of Anesthesiologists Task Force on Management of the Difficult Airway. Anesthesiology, 118(2), 251–270.
Artime, C. (2013). Flexible fiberoptic intubation. In C. A. Hagberg, C. A. Artime, & W. H. Daily (Eds.), The difficult airway: A practical guide (pp. 217–235). Oxford University Press.
Brown, C. A., Bair, A. E., Patan, D. I., & Walls, R. M. (2015). Techniques, success, and adverse events of emergency department adult intubations. Annals of Emergency Medicine, 65(4), 363–370.
Tachibana, N., Niiyama, Y., & Yamakage, M. (2015). Incidence of cannot intubate-cannot ventilate (CICV): Results of a 3-year retrospective multicenter clinical study in a network of university hospitals. Journal of Anesthesia, 29(3), 326–330.
Butterworth, J. F., Mackey, D. C., & Wasnick, J. D. (2018). Morgan & Mikhail's clinical anesthesiology (6th ed.). McGraw-Hill Education.
Chao, Y. K., Liu, Y. H., Hsieh, M. J., Wu, Y. C., Liu, H. P., Wang, C. J., et al. (2005). Controlling difficult airway by rigid bronchoscope—an old but effective method. Interactive Cardiovascular and Thoracic Surgery, 4(3), 175–179.
Cormack, R. S., & Lehane, J. (1984). Difficult tracheal intubation in obstetrics. Anaesthesia, 39(11), 1105–1111.
Cormack, R. S., & Lehane, J. (1984). Difficult tracheal intubation in obstetrics. Anaesthesia, 39(11), 1105–1111.
Mehta, C., & Mehta, Y. (2017). Percutaneous tracheostomy. Annals of Cardiac Anaesthesia, 20(Suppl.), S19–S25.
Miller, R., Cohen, N. H., Eriksson, L. I., Fleisher, L. A., Wiener-Kronish, J. P., & Young, W. L. (2015). Miller's Anesthesia (8th ed.). Saunders Elsevier.
Norman, K. C. (2013). Cricothyrotomy. In C. A. Hagberg, C. A. Artime, & W. H. Daily (Eds.), The difficult airway: A practical guide (1st ed., pp. 183–200). Oxford University Press.
Racine, S. X., Solis, A., Hamou, N. A., Letoumelin, P., Hepner, D. L., Beloucif, S., et al. (2010). Face mask ventilation in edentulous patients: A comparison of mandibular groove and lower lip placement. Anesthesiology, 112(5), 1190–1193.
Ramachandran, S. K., & Kumar, A. M. (2014). Supraglottic airway devices. Respiratory Care, 59(6), 920–932.
Ramkumar, V. (2011). Preparation of the patient and the airway for awake intubation. Indian Journal of Anaesthesia, 55(5), 442–447.
Ruetzler, K., Guzzella, S. E., Tscholl, D. W., Restin, T., Cribari, M., et al. (2017). Blind intubation through self-pressurized, disposable supraglottic airway laryngeal intubation masks: An international, multicenter, prospective cohort study. Perioperative Medicine, 127(5), 307–316.
Timmermann, A. (2011). Supraglottic airways in difficult airway management: Successes, failures, use, and misuse. Anaesthesia, 66(Suppl. 2), 45–56.
Walls, R. M., & Murphy, M. F. (2012). Manual of emergency airway management (4th ed.). Williams & Wilkins.
Walls, R. M., Hockberger, R. S., & Gausche-Hill, M. S. (2018). Rosen's Emergency Medicine (9th ed.). Elsevier.
