Analisis Fitokimia Terhadap Tepung Bayam (Amaranthus Viridis)
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.59680/anestesi.v2i2.1073Keywords:
Antioxidants, healthy food, phytochemical analysis, spinachAbstract
Various plants can be developed into traditional medicines and raw materials for making healthy food products because they contain bioactive compounds in the form of potential secondary metabolites. One plant that contains various potential secondary metabolites and can be developed as a health product is spinach. Green spinach leaf powder is reported to contain alkaloids, flavonoids, saponins, tannins, anthraquinones, steroids, coumarins, carotenoids, and phenols. This research aims to analyze the content of tannins, alkaloids, saponins, triterpenes, steroids, and flavonoids. Spinach flour is obtained by drying spinach leaves using a dehydrator for ± 19 hours at a temperature of 60 oC. The dried spinach leaves are ground with a blender until smooth, then sieved with a 70-mesh sieve. Phytochemical analysis was carried out qualitatively using color reagents. The research results showed that spinach flour contains bioactive compounds, namely tannins, alkaloids, triterpenes, and flavonoids. Spinach flour has the potential to be used as a raw material in the development of functional food products that are rich in potential bioactive compounds to improve public health
References
Actis-Goretta, L., Romanczyk, L. J., Rodriguez, C. A., Kwik-Uribe, C., & Keen, C. L. (2008). Cytotoxic effects of digalloyl dimer procyanidins in human cancer cell lines. Journal of Nutritional Biochemistry, 19(12), 797–808. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jnutbio.2007.10.004
Agyare, C., Lechtenberg, M., Deters, A., Petereit, F., & Hensel, A. (2011). Ellagitannins from Phyllanthus muellerianus (Kuntze) Exell.: Geraniin and furosin stimulate cellular activity, differentiation and collagen synthesis of human skin keratinocytes and dermal fibroblasts. Phytomedicine, 18(7), 617–624. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.phymed.2010.08.020
Ajala, O. S., Jukov, A., & Ma, C. M. (2014). Hepatitis C virus inhibitory hydrolysable tannins from the fruits of Terminalia chebula. Fitoterapia, 99(1), 117–123. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fitote.2014.09.014
Ajibola, C., Oyerinde, V., & Adeniyan, O. (2015). Physicochemical and Antioxidant Properties of Whole-Wheat Biscuits Incorporated with Moringa oleifera Leaves and Cocoa Powder. Journal of Scientific Research and Reports, 7(3), 195–206. https://doi.org/10.9734/jsrr/2015/18070
Ariyanti, A. I., Dwiyanti, H., & Prasetyo, T. J. (2022). Formulation of Food Bar Based on Banana, Oat, and Spinach Flour As a Source Fiber Snack for Dash Diet (Dietary Approaches To Stop Hypertension). Journal of Global Nutrition, 2(1), 119–131. https://doi.org/10.53823/jgn.v2i1.30
Asghari-pour, S., Noshad, M., Nasehi, B., & Ghasemi, P. (2020). The Effect of Spinach Powder and Egg-Shell Powder on Physicochemical and Edible Qualities of Gluten-Free Cake. Journal of Nutrition and Food Security, 5(1), 29–37. https://doi.org/10.18502/JNFS.V5I1.2315
Astiti, N. P. A., Sudirga, S. K., & Ramona, Y. (2019). Analysis of Phenolic and Tannin Contents in the Methanol Extract of Sweet and Sour Star Fruit Plants (Averrhoa carambola L) Leaves Commonly Used as Raw Materials of Lawar (A Balinese Traditional Food). Advances in Tropical Biodiversity and Environmental Sciences, 3(1), 5. https://doi.org/10.24843/atbes.2019.v03.i01.p02
Awaliyah, I. N., Machfudloh, M., & Takwanto, A. (2019). Pengaruh Suhu Spray Drying Dan Penambahan Maltodextrin Terhadap Aktivitas Antioksidan (Ic50) Pada Bayam Hijau (Amaranthus Hybridus L.). Distilat: Jurnal Teknologi Separasi, 5(2), 200–205. https://doi.org/10.33795/distilat.v5i2.52
Banjarnahor, S. D. S., & Artanti, N. (2014). Antioxidant properties of flavonoids. Medical Journal of Indonesia, 23(4), 239–244. https://doi.org/10.13181/mji.v23i4.1015
Bribi, N. (2018). Pharmacological activity of Alkaloids: A Review. Asian Journal of Botany, 1(April), 1–5. https://doi.org/10.63019/ajb.v1i2.467
Chandranayagam, C., Veeraraghavan, G., Subash, A., & Vasanthi, H. R. (2013). Restoration of arsenite induced hepato-toxicity by crude tannin rich fraction of Theobroma cacao in Sprague Dawley rats. Food Research International, 50(1), 46–54. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodres.2012.09.021
Das, A. K., Islam, M. N., Faruk, M. O., Ashaduzzaman, M., & Dungani, R. (2020). Review on tannins: Extraction processes, applications and possibilities. South African Journal of Botany, 135, 58–70. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sajb.2020.08.008
Drisya, C. R., Swetha, B. G., Velu, V., Indrani, D., & Singh, R. P. (2015). Effect of dried Murraya koenigii leaves on nutritional, textural and organoleptic characeteristics of cookies. Journal of Food Science and Technology, 52(1), 500–506. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13197-013-1002-2
Ekalu, A., & Habila, J. D. (2020). Flavonoids: isolation, characterization, and health benefits. Beni-Suef University Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences, 9(45), 1–14.
Ergina, Nuryanti, S., & Pursitasari, I. D. (2014). Uji Kualitatif Senyawa Metabolit Sekunder Pada Daun Palado (Agave angustifolia) yang Diekstraksi Dengan Pelarut Air dan Etanol. Jurnal Akademika Kimia, 3(3), 165–172.
Gadouche, L., Alsoufi, A. S. M., Pacholska, D., Skotarek, A., P?czkowski, C., & Szakiel, A. (2023). Triterpenoid and Steroid Content of Lipophilic Extracts of Selected Medicinal Plants of the Mediterranean Region. Molecules, 28(2), 1–18. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules28020697
Galla, N. R., Pamidighantam, P. R., Karakala, B., Gurusiddaiah, M. R., & Akula, S. (2017). Nutritional, textural and sensory quality of biscuits supplemented with spinach (Spinacia oleracea L.). International Journal of Gastronomy and Food Science, 7(December), 20–26. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijgfs.2016.12.003
Gutiérrez-Grijalva, E. P., López-Martínez, L. X., Contreras-Angulo, L. A., Elizalde-Romero, C. A., & Heredia, J. B. (2020). Plant Alkaloids: Structures and Bioactive Properties. In Plant-derived Bioactives: Chemistry and Mode of Action (Issue August). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-2361-8
Handayani, Y., Islamiyati, R., Ismah, K., & Susiloningrum, D. (2023). Uji Aktivitas Antioksidan Ekstrak Etanol Daun Bayam Hijau (Amaranthus hybridus L) dengan Metode Peredaman DPPH. Cendekia Journal of Pharmacy, 7(2), 103–110.
Heinrich, M., Mah, J., & Amirkia, V. (2021). Alkaloids used as medicines: Structural phytochemistry meets biodiversity—An update and forward look. Molecules, 26(7), 1–18. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules26071836
Hutasuhut, D. A., Aspriyanto, D., & Krishnawan Firdaus, I. W. A. (2022). Uji Fitokimia Kualitatif dan Kuantitatif Ekstrak Kulit Buah Rambai (Baccaurea Motleyana) Konsentrasi 100%. Dentin, 6(2), 97–102. https://doi.org/10.20527/dentin.v6i2.6394
Jastrzebska, M., Zalewska-Rejdak, J., Wrzalik, R., Kocot, A., Mroz, I., Barwinski, B., Turek, A., & Cwalina, B. (2006). Tannic acid-stabilized pericardium tissue: IR spectroscopy, atomic force microscopy, and dielectric spectroscopy investigations. Journal of Biomedical Materials Research, 79(4), 148–156. https://doi.org/10.1002/jbm.a
Juliani, S., Sibero, J. T., Wulan, M., Darma, E. S., & Tampubolon. (2024). Efektivitas Pemberian Olahan Daun Bayam Terhadap Peningkatan Kadar Haemoglobin Pada Ibu Hamil Di Klinik Selamat Medan. MAHESA: Malahayati Health Student Journal, 4(1), 275–286.
Jyoti, Sangwan, V., & Jood, S. (2022). Sensory and Nutritional Analysis of Spinach Powder Fortified Biscuits. Current Journal of Applied Science and Technology, 41(8), 10–16. https://doi.org/10.9734/cjast/2022/v41i831681
Khafid, A., Wiraputra, M. D., Putra, A. C., Khoirunnisa, N., Putri, A. A. K., Suedy, S. W. A., & Nurchayati, Y. (2023). UJi Kualitatif Metabolit Sekunder pada Beberapa Tanaman yang Berkhasiat sebagai Obat Tradisional. Buletin Anatomi Dan Fisiologi, 8(1), 61–70. https://doi.org/10.14710/baf.8.1.2023.61-70
Koc, G. Ç., Erbakan, T., Arici, E., & Dirim, S. N. (2019). Sensory and Quality Attributes of Cake Supplemented With Spinach Powder. G?da, 44(5), 907–918. https://doi.org/10.15237/gida.gd19047
Kumar, S., & Pandey, A. K. (2013). Chemistry and Biological Activities of Flavonoids: An Overview. Hindawi Publishing Corporation, 1–16.
Kusmiati, Rachmatiah, T., & Angliana Pertiwi, A. (2017). Pengujian Ekstrak Aseton Daun Bayam (Amaranthus sp) sebagai Senyawa Antiradikal DPPH , Antibakteri dan Identifikasi Senyawa Aktif dengan KG SM. Institut Sains Dan Teknologi Nasional, 138–147.
Lasya, C. S. (2022). Spinach and its health benefits: A review. ~ 1232 ~ The Pharma Innovation Journal, 11(8), 1232–1239. www.thepharmajournal.com
Leitao da-Cunha, E. V., Fechine, I. M., Guedes, D. N., Barbosa-Filho, J. M., & Sobral da Silva, M. (2005). Protoberberine Alkaloids. Alkaloids: Chemistry and Biology, 62(05), 1–75. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1099-4831(05)62001-9
Lyubenova, A., Georgieva, L., & Antonova, V. (2023). Utilization of plant secondary metabolites for plant protection. Biotechnology & Biotechnological Equipment, 37(1). https://doi.org/10.1080/13102818.2023.2297533
Marlinawati, I. T., Nurhidayah, S., Santoso, S., & Irwanto, Y. (2022). Effect of Papaya Leaf Extract Gel (Carica papaya) on Incision Wound Healing in Rattus norvegicus. Medical Laboratory Technology Journal, 8(2), 102–111. https://doi.org/10.31964/mltj.v0i0.455
Mohamad, F., Setiawan, D. I., Slamet, N. S., Sapiun, Z., & Pomalingo, A. Y. (2022). the Potential of “Tyam” Biscuit (Biccuit With Tempe Flour and Spinning Powder Substitution) As Alternative To Prevent Stunting in Toddlers. Journal Health & Science?: Gorontalo Journal Health and Science Community, 5(3), 51–61. https://doi.org/10.35971/gojhes.v5i3.13797
Munir, M., Ahad, A., Gull, A., Qayyum, A., Siddique, N. R., Mumtaz, A., Safdar, N., Ali, B., Nadeem, M., & Qureshi, T. M. (2019). Addition of Spinach Enhanced the Nutritional Profile of Apricot Based Snack Bars. Pakistan Journal of Agricultural Research, 32(3), 490–497. https://doi.org/10.17582/journal.pjar/2019/32.3.490.497
Nasim, N., Sandeep, I. S., & Mohanty, S. (2022). Plant-derived natural products for drug discovery: current approaches and prospects. Nucleus (India), 65(3), 399–411. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13237-022-00405-3
Pakadang, S. R., Jumain, J., Ratnah, S., & ... (2021). Characteristicsof Chemical Compound Content in Meniran Herb Extract and Miana Leave Extract Based On Phytochemical Screening and Thin Layer …. Urban Health, 3(1), 127–137. http://journal.poltekkes-mks.ac.id/ojs2/index.php/Prosiding/article/view/2480%0Ahttp://journal.poltekkes-mks.ac.id/ojs2/index.php/Prosiding/article/download/2480/1716
Pan, F., Zhao, X., Liu, F., Luo, Z., Chen, S., Liu, Z., Zhao, Z., Liu, M., & Wang, L. (2023). Triterpenoids in Jujube: A Review of Composition, Content Diversity, Pharmacological Effects, Synthetic Pathway, and Variation during Domestication. Plants, 12(7). https://doi.org/10.3390/plants12071501
Parbuntari, H., Prestica, Y., Gunawan, R., Nurman, M. N., & Adella, F. (2018). Preliminary Phytochemical Screening (Qualitative Analysis) of Cacao Leaves (Theobroma cacao L.). EKSAKTA: Berkala Ilmiah Bidang MIPA, 19(2), 40–45. https://doi.org/10.24036/eksakta/vol19-iss2/142
Park, H., Lee, J. S., Lee, N., Kwon, K., Kim, J. B., Kim, S. Bin, Kim, H. G., & Kim, D. W. (2023). Red stem of spinach promotes antioxidant and anti-inflammatory chondroprotection in a rat model of osteoarthritis. Journal of Functional Foods, 109(February), 105789. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jff.2023.105789
Pehlepi, E. S. P., Puspita, T., & Komang Suwita, I. (2022). PENGEMBANGAN TEPUNG TEMPE DAN BAYAM HIJAU (AMARANTHUS TRICOLOR L) SEBAGAI BAHAN SUBSTITUSI PEPAYA SANDWICH BISKUIT UNTUK SNACK REMAJA PUTRI ANEMIA Development of Tempeh Flour and Green Spinach (Amaranthus Tricolor L) as a Substitute for Papaya Sandwich Bi. Jurnal Nutriture, 1(2), 36–42.
Pietta, P. G. (2000). Flavonoids as antioxidants. Journal of Natural Products, 63(7), 1035–1042. https://doi.org/10.1021/np9904509
Rajkumar, G., Panambara, P. A. H. R., & Sanmugarajah, V. (2022). Comparative Analysis of Qualitative and Quantitative Phytochemical Evaluation of Selected Leaves of Medicinal Plants in Jaffna, Sri Lanka. Borneo Journal of Pharmacy, 5(2), 93–103. https://doi.org/10.33084/bjop.v5i2.3091
Refahy, L. A.-G. (2011). Study on flavonoids and triterpenoids content of some Euphorbiaceae plants. Journal of Life Sciences, 5(January 2011), 100–107.
Rohmatika, D., & Umarianti, T. (2018). Efektifitas Pemberian Ekstrak Bayam Terhadap Peningkatan Kadar Hemoglobin Pada Ibu Hamil Dengan Anemia Ringan. Jurnal Kebidanan, 9(02), 165. https://doi.org/10.35872/jurkeb.v9i02.318
Salminen, K. A., Meyer, A., Jerabkova, L., Korhonen, L. E., Rahnasto, M., Juvonen, R. O., Imming, P., & Raunio, H. (2011). Inhibition of human drug metabolizing cytochrome P450 enzymes by plant isoquinoline alkaloids. Phytomedicine, 18(6), 533–538. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.phymed.2010.08.012
Serrano, J., Puupponen-Pimiä, R., Dauer, A., Aura, A. M., & Saura-Calixto, F. (2009). Tannins: Current knowledge of food sources, intake, bioavailability and biological effects. Molecular Nutrition and Food Research, 53(SUPPL. 2), S310–S329. https://doi.org/10.1002/mnfr.200900039
Setyati, D., Sulistiyowati, H., Erizcy, M. P., & Ratnasari, T. (2020). the Flavonoid and Alkaloid Content of Cyclosorus Parasiticus (Linn.) Farwell Ferns At the Plantation Areas of Jember Regency. BIOLINK (Jurnal Biologi Lingkungan Industri Kesehatan), 7(1), 23–37. https://doi.org/10.31289/biolink.v7i1.3026
Singh, D. B., Pathak, R. K., & Rai, D. (2022). From Traditional Herbal Medicine to Rational Drug Discovery: Strategies, Challenges, and Future Perspectives. Revista Brasileira de Farmacognosia, 32(2), 147–159. https://doi.org/10.1007/s43450-022-00235-z
Tambunan, R. M., Swandiny, G. F., & Zaidan, S. (2019). Uji aktivitas antioksidan dari ekstrak etanol 70 % herba meniran (Phyllanthus niruri L.) terstandar. Jurnal Ilmu Kefarmasian, 12(2), 60–64.
Tandi, J., Melinda, B., Purwantari, A., & Widodo, A. (2020). Analisis Kualitatif dan Kuantitatif Metabolit Sekunder Ekstrak Etanol Buah Okra (Abelmoschus esculentus L . Moench) dengan Metode Spektrofotometri UV-Vis. Jurnal Riset Kimia, 6(April), 74–80.
Tong, Z., He, W., Fan, X., & Guo, A. (2022). Biological Function of Plant Tannin and Its Application in Animal Health. Frontiers in Veterinary Science, 8(January), 1–7. https://doi.org/10.3389/fvets.2021.803657
Ullah, A., Munir, S., Badshah, S. L., Khan, N., Ghani, L., Poulson, B. G., Emwas, A., & Jaremko, M. (2020). Important Flavonoids and Their Role as a Therapeutic Agent. Molecules, 25(5243), 1–39.
Vaou, N., Stavropoulou, E., Voidarou, C., Tsakris, Z., Rozos, G., Tsigalou, C., & Bezirtzoglou, E. (2022). Interactions between Medical Plant-Derived Bioactive Compounds: Focus on Antimicrobial Combination Effects. Antibiotics, 11(8), 1–23. https://doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics11081014
Vasconcelos, P. C. P., Andreo, M. A., Vilegas, W., Hiruma-Lima, C. A., & Pellizzon, C. H. (2010). Effect of Mouriri pusa tannins and flavonoids on prevention and treatment against experimental gastric ulcer. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 131(1), 146–153. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2010.06.017
Wang, T. yang, Li, Q., & Bi, K. shun. (2018). Bioactive flavonoids in medicinal plants: Structure, activity and biological fate. Asian Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 13(1), 12–23. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajps.2017.08.004
Yasmin, A., & Varalaksmi, R. S. (2013). Potassium Analysis of Cooking Water and Selected Vegetables Before and After Leaching by Different Cooking Methods. IJSR-INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH, 2(2), 172–174.
Yudhistira, B., Sari, T. R., & Affandi, D. R. (2019). Karakteristik Fisik, Kimia dan Organoleptik Cookies Bayam Hijau (Amaranthus tricolor) dengan Penambahan Tomat (Solanum lycopersicum) sebagai Upaya Pemenuhan Defisiensi Zat Besi pada Anak-Anak. Warta Industri Hasil Pertanian, 36(2), 83. https://doi.org/10.32765/wartaihp.v36i2.5286
Zuo, F., Nakamura, N., Akao, T., & Hattori, M. (2006). Pharmacokinetics of berberine and its main metabolites in conventional and pseudo germ-free rats determined by liquid chromatography/ion trap mass spectrometry. Drug Metabolism and Disposition, 34(12), 2064–2072. https://doi.org/10.1124/dmd.106.011361
